Mitochondrial DNA copy number variation and pancreatic cancer risk in the prospective EPIC cohort

Age-related bone loss and osteoporosis have been documented, going back to antiquity, but substantial geographic ethnic variations in fracture risk are still noted today. These most striking for hip fractures, with a 10-fold difference standardized rates between the highest lowest countries; while vertebral fractures vary by two four fold worldwide. may part be due factors incurred from methodology followed capture true addition differences. Furthermore, changing demographics secular trends rapidly shifting burden of western world Asia Middle East. This Chapter details an update epidemiology overviews potential causes such Such understanding is essential accurate assessment, health care resource allocation, development nationally relevant pathways.