منابع مشابه
Measuring competition in plant communities where it is difficult to distinguish individual plants
A novel method for measuring plant-plant interactions in undisturbed semi-natural and natural plant communities where it is difficult to distinguish individual plants is discussed. It is assumed that the ecological success of the different plant species in the plant community may be adequately measured by plant cover and vertical density (a measure that is correlated to the 3-dimensional space ...
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We conducted a neighbor removal experiment in natural alpine plant communities of the southwestern Alps to test for the relative importance of competitive and facilitative interactions along elevational and topographical gradients. The experimental sites were chosen to encompass most of the floristic diversity observed along gradients of elevation and topography, which are the two main ecologic...
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Introduction Interspecific competition in natural plant communities Most plant scientists agree that interspecific competition is highly dependent on nutrient availability. At high is an important determinant of the structure and the levels of nutrient availability, competition is mainly for dynamics of plant communities. There is, however, much light. As light is a unidirectional resource, hig...
متن کاملMeasuring Progress in Coevolutionary Competition
Evolution, as trial-and-error based learning methods, usually relies on the repeatability of an experience: Different behavioral alternatives are tested and compared with each other. But agents acting on real environments may not be able to choose which experience to live. Instead, the environment provides varying initial conditions for each trial. In competitive games for example, it is diffic...
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The goal of this paper is to describe selected leading indicators of global competitiveness. This will be accomplished by reviewing several selected sources that focus on various metrics. The reported data was determined to be the most recent at the time of a presentation of this material to NFAIS in February 2012. The goal of this paper is to be objective and informational. Each of the selecte...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 1982
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/298514a0