Measuring Bee Effects on Seed Traits of Hybrid Sunflower

In hybrid sunflower, bee pollination can improve productivity, but the contribution of bees to productivity may be over or underestimated. To estimate effects (seed trait gains from exposure during anthesis), single capitula are commonly covered with a porous material exclude bees. However, depending on exclosure porosity, estimates magnitude will vary. two studies, porosity size and effect in sunflower types were tested. study, Delnet exclosures severely reduced seed set larger porosities had smaller similar effects. since few small penetrated largest tested, sizes < 7 mm recommended. With an 5 X mm, estimated yield was 323 kg per hectare. Effects traits oilseed confectionary hybrids Insecticide use did not affect lower insect damage seeds. Bees three families, mostly Apidae, collected while foraging sunflower. summary, we recommend about 3 avoid underestimating And holistic management for cropping systems that balances benefits pest insects.