Maternal psychological distress, education, household income, and congenital heart defects: a prospective cohort study from the Japan environment and children’s study

Abstract Background The influence of maternal psychological distress on infant congenital heart defects (CHDs) has not been thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, there have no reports the combined effect and socioeconomic status CHDs. This study aimed to examine whether distress, status, their combinations were associated with CHD. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort using data from Japan Environment Children’s Study, which recruited pregnant women between 2011 2014. Maternal was evaluated Kessler Psychological Distress Scale in first trimester, while education household income second third trimesters. outcome CHD determined medical records at 1 month age and/or birth. Crude- confounder-adjusted logistic regression analyses performed evaluate association Results A total 93,643 pairs mothers infants analyzed, 1.1% having had significantly higher odds ratio crude analysis but adjusted analysis, statistically insignificant. In combination variable lowest P for trend significant multivariate model excluding anti-depressant medication, significance disappeared full (P = 0.050). Conclusions lower may be possible indicator