Martin Scorcese

Martin Rama

Tunisia’s unemployment rate has been among the highest in the world for almost two decades. This article claims that such a high rate reflects measurement problems rather than labor market inefficiency. After discussing the reasons why unemployment rates may not be comparable across countries and reviewing the tools that are available to analyze unemployment in a specific country, the article p...

Ryan Martin

The focus of my research is extremal graph theory and random combinatorial structures. I have also worked in a variety of other areas, including intersecting hypergraphs, the theory of positional games and Ramsey theory. Combinatorics, and particularly graph theory, has a wide variety of applications. My own research in the edit distance of graphs has applications in biology and computer scienc...

Bill Martin

Bill Martin studied biology at Texas A&M and the University of Hannover. He did his PhD at the Max-Planck Institute for Breeding Research in Cologne under the generous supervision of Heinz Saedler, who discovered the transposons known as IS elements. After fi nishing his PhD in 1988, he did his postdoctoral work on chloroplastcytosol isoenzymes, endosymbiosis, and gene transfer at the Universit...

Martin Nowak

Martin Nowak is Head of the Program in Theoretical Biology at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He will move to Harvard University later this year. Nowak’s work initiated the field of virus dynamics — the mathematical description of how viruses spread within infected individuals. This led to a quantitative understanding of HIV infection (see ‘Virus dynamics’, by Martin Nowak and Ro...

The Cameron-Martin theorem