Main financial instruments used by petroleum companies

Capability-Based Financial Instruments

Every novel cooperative arrangement of mutually suspicious parties interacting electronically — every smart contract — effectively requires a new cryptographic protocol. However, if every new contract requires new cryptographic protocol design, our dreams of cryptographically enabled electronic commerce would be unreachable. Cryptographic protocol design is too hard and expensive, given our unl...

Financial Benchmarking of Telecommunications Companies

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the financial performance of telecommunications companies with the help self-organising maps. A total of 88 companies is evaluated and benchmarked on the basis of seven key ratios, calculated for five consecutive years 1995-99. To conduct benchmarking with several financial key figures in a changing business environment is difficult and time consuming for to...

absorbing the qarz al’hasan deposits by islamic financial instruments (sukuk)

nowadays, because of the economic circumstances of our society, on one hand many persons are eligible to borrow the qarz al’hasan loan and on the other hand there are not sufficient funds to for paying to the qarz al’hasan loan applicants. but the qarz al’hasan bank has been instituted to expand and promote the culture of qarz al’hasan and also to answer the poor’s financial needs in the societ...

Financial Instruments in Recommendation Mechanisms

Eroding market stability by proliferation of financial instruments

We contrast Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), the theoretical basis for the development of financial instruments, with a dynamical picture of an interacting market, in a simple setting. The proliferation of financial instruments apparently provides more means for risk diversification, making the market more efficient and complete. In the simple market of interacting traders discussed here, the pr...