Liver at the nexus of rat postnatal HPA axis maturation and sexual dimorphism

Normal function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is critical for survival, and its development choreographed age-, sex- context-specific actions. The liver influences HPA ontogeny, integrating diverse endocrine signals that inhibit or activate development. This review examines how developmental changes in expression genes coordinate postnatal multiple systems facilitate maturation sexual dimorphism rat axis. Specifically, it ontogeny testicular androgen production, somatostatin-growth hormone activities, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid activity intersect to influence hepatic gene insulin-like growth factor 1, corticosteroid-binding globulin, thyroxine-binding 11?-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 5?-reductase 1. timing such molecular vary between mammalian species, but they are evolutionarily conserved poised control homeostasis broadly, especially during adversity. Importantly, with as their nexus, these establish fundamental organization throughout development, thereby ultimately determine actions glucocorticoids adulthood.