Kinship Destabilized!

Is cyclobutadiene really highly destabilized by antiaromaticity?

The high energy of cyclobutadiene (CBD) is not due primarily to "anti-aromaticity," but rather to angle strain, torsional strain, and Pauli repulsion between the parallel CC bonds. Estimations including block-localized wavefunction (BLW) computations conclude that the enormous ring strain (ca. 60 kcal mol(-1)) far exceeds its antiaromatic destabilization (only 16.5 kcal mol(-1)).

PTEN is destabilized by phosphorylation on Thr366.

Although PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) is one of the most commonly mutated tumour suppressors in human cancers, loss of PTEN expression in the absence of mutation appears to occur in an even greater number of tumours. PTEN is phosphorylated in vitro on Thr366 and Ser370 by GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) and CK2 (casein kinase 2) respectively, and specific i...

Kinship Expressions and Terms

All languages have expressions that can be glossed ‘father,’ ‘wife,’ ‘brother-in-law,’ etc., covering consanguineal, spousal, and affinal categories. However, from the beginning of serious cross-cultural study, it has been apparent that societies differ in the kinship categories used. To facilitate comparison, an ‘etic grid’ is necessary; namely, an open-ended universe of kin-types, such as ‘fa...

Kinship, Class, and Community

This review presents studies in various world regions. Each uses network analysis software designed explicitly for kinship studies with explicit network measures of cohesion. It presents evidence of fundamental differences in the forms of marital cohesion that show profoundly variable effects over a wide range of social phenomena, regional scales, and diverse cultures. Social cohesion is the ba...

What Is Kinship?