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Michael Stoker 1918–2013

Michael Stoker Sir Michael Stoker, a pioneer of virology and the cell biology of cancer cells, died on 13 August at the age of 95. Viruses have always been useful tools for probing the workings of cells, and Michael exploited tumor-causing viruses to gain a better understanding of oncogenic mechanisms at the dawn of the molecular biology of animal cells. During a long career, Michael not only m...

Howard Schachman (1918–2016)

Howard Schachman, renowned physical chemist and protein chemist, professor at the University of California, Berkeley, extraordinary teacher, and a lifetime fighter for civil liberties, died on August 5 in Oakland California at age 97 from complications of pneumonia. Schachman’s active career spanned fundamental work on virus structure, the development of the analytical ultracentrifuge and its u...

Julian Schwinger ( 1918 - 1994 )

Julian Schwinger’s influence on Twentieth Century science is profound and pervasive. Of course, he is most famous for his renormalization theory of quantum electrodynamics, for which he shared the Nobel Prize with Richard Feynman and Sin-itiro Tomonaga. But although this triumph was undoubtedly his most heroic accomplishment, his legacy lives on chiefly through subtle and elegant work in classi...

Frederick Sanger (1918–2013)

need financial support because both his mother and father had died when he was an undergraduate leaving him financially independent. As a Quaker and conscientious objector he was exempted from military service and could begin research immediately, even though the country was at war. He studied the metabolism of lysine under the direction of Albert Neuberger. Fred had a very high regard for Neub...

Medical Diary, 1918