Investigation of an anthrax outbreak in Makoni District, Zimbabwe

Abstract Background Anthrax continues to be a disease of public health importance in Zimbabwe, with sporadic outbreaks reported annually many parts the country. A human anthrax outbreak occurred wards 22 and 23 Makoni District from mid-June 2013 end January 2014, following cattle deaths wards. Laboratory tests confirmed as cause for deaths. This study investigated clinical characteristics, distribution cases (places, person time) risk factors contracting disease. We also assessed environment, district preparedness response, prevention control measures. Methods conducted an investigation using mixed-methods design. 1:1 case-control was used assess anthrax. The controls were frequency matched by sex. Data collected structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Environmental assessment, measures checklist, observations, key informant interviews. Multivariable unconditional logic regression analysis performed identify independent associated Results interviewed 37 64 cases, along controls. All had cutaneous anthrax, hand being most common site eschar (43%). Most (89%) managed according national guidelines. demonstrated that meat sourced other villages [vs butchery, OR = 15.21, 95% CI (2.32–99.81)], skinning [OR 4.32, (1.25–14.94)], belonging religions permit eating killed due unknown causes or butchered after unobserved death 6.12, (1.28–29.37)] poor availability resources caused delayed response outbreak. Conclusion described contact infected meat. Although eventually controlled through vaccination education awareness campaigns, office initially insufficient. should strengthen its emergency capacity, revive zoonotic committees, conduct campaigns improve surveillance, especially during seasons.