Investigating the performance of non‐standard characteristics‐based overcurrent relays and their optimum coordination in distributed generators connected networks

To handle the challenges attributed to distributed generators, protection system of distribution networks needs be evolved. Recent schemes modify standard characteristics overcurrent relays, called non-standard characteristics. These are mostly case-dependent and have limitations in solving variety generators. This paper analyses performance six voltage-based on photovoltaic generators (PVDG) penetrated 3-bus, 8-bus, IEEE 30-bus grid, as well 9-bus Canadian radial grid with synchronous generator, wind turbine PVDG penetrations. Besides that, optimum coordination these characteristics-based relays is a complex problem due involvement additional controlling parameters. find best suitable method, comparative analysis genetic algorithm, differential evolution, artificial bee colony, harmony search firefly cuckoo algorithm particle swarm optimization performed for relay coordination. The outcomes thoroughly discussed future research development.