منابع مشابه
Response-Outcome versus Outcome-Response Associations in Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer: Effects of Instrumental Training Context.
One experiment with rats used Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tests to explore potential competitive interactions between Pavlovian and instrumental processes during instrumental learning. Two instrumental response-outcome relations (e.g., left lever - grain pellets, right lever - sucrose pellets) were first trained in distinct contexts for one group of rats (Group Differential) or in ...
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To understand how cells respond to the nanoscale extracellular environment in vivo, cells from various sources have been cultured on nanoscale patterns fabricated using bottom-up and top-down techniques. Human fetal osteoblasts (hFOBs) and stem cells are some of them and they are known to be overtly responsive to nanoscale topographies - allowing us to investigate the hows and whys of the respo...
متن کاملInstrumental and Contingent Saccharin Licking in Rats: Response Deprivation and Reinforcement1
Instrumental licking of .4% saccharin solution was increased by the contingent opportunity to lick a less-preferred saccharin solution when the contingency schedule deprived the subject of the contingent response, but not otherwise. Schedules that imposed comparable amounts of response deprivation produced comparable increases in instrumental responding. The results support the hypothesis that ...
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Islamophobia’s occurrence in any particular country has little do with the presence of Muslim; it is possible to be Islamophobic when there are virtually no Muslim around. This because the lack of Muslims is filled by the surplus of Islamophobic representations. This surplus of representations is now increasingly reliant on the internet. There are many studies reporting on Islamophobia on the i...
متن کاملInstrumental Variables Response to Angrist and Imbens
My 1997 JHR paper neither endorsed nor condemned the use of instrumental variables (IV) to estimate the parameters of economic models. Its main goal was to remind readers of some basic points developed in a series of papers with Richard Robb (1985, 1986), We establish that when responses to "treatment" or a policy intervention vary across persons even after conditioning on observable variables ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Animal Learning & Behavior
سال: 1977
ISSN: 0090-4996,1532-5830
DOI: 10.3758/bf03214080