Institution Types and Institution Tokens: An Unproblematic Distinction?

From Static to Dynamic Abstract Data-Types: An Institution Transformation

We show how to extend in a canonical way a given formalism for specifying (static) data types (like usual algebraic specification frameworks) with dynamic features. What we obtain in this way is a corresponding formalism for specifying dynamic data-types based on the " state-as-algebra " approach: a dynamic data-type models a dynamically evolving system in which any state can be viewed as a sta...

NICE: an evolving institution

When the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), or the National Institute for Clinical Excellence as it was then known, was first established in 1999 its responsibilities were twofold. It was charged with providing guidance to the National Health Service (NHS) on the use of (mainly new) health technologies (so-called technology appraisals) on the basis of their clinical a...

Diphtheria in an Institution

For several years we have had frequent small outbreaks of diphtheria. In *924, there were fifteen apparently separate outbreaks with a total of twenty eases, and in the early part of 1925, there were at different times six patients <ind eleven members of the staff down with mild attacks of the same thing. Of the whole thirty-seven cases, only two were serious, but it was obvious that at any tim...

An Aggregated Supplier Selection Method Based on QFD and TOPSIS (Case Study: A Financial Institution)

With daily development of information technology supply chain of service-based organizations like financial institutions and the increased value of outsourced activities, also the importance of customer satisfaction, outsourced affairs must have done by the suppliers who have the ability of accomplishing the organizational demands. To mitigate the risk of invalid supplier selections, verificati...

Apec as an International Institution