Inscrutable medicines and marginal markets: tackling substandard veterinary drugs in Nigeria

Generic medicines are not substandard medicines.

1 who work for the industry-funded Hudson Institute, advocate the use of patented drugs, pointing to what they say are risks associated with generic drugs. They confuse generic drugs with old, substandard, ineffective, and counterfeit drugs. Generic does not mean old. The 1996 World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreements mandate all member countries to provide 20-year patent protection for medicin...

European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections

1. Ivermectin belongs to the macrocyclic lactone class of endectocides and consists of a mixture of two homologous compounds, 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a (H2B1a, not less than 80%) and 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b (H2B1b, not more than 20%). Avermectins are potent anthelmintic, insecticidal and acaracidal compounds which, by increasing the membrane permeability to chloride ions, mediate the para...

European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections

1. Avilamycin is an orthosomycin antibiotic complex produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Orthosomycin antibiotics are divided into two groups: those that contain an aminocyclitol residue and those that are esters of dichlorisoeverninic acid. Avilamycin falls into the latter group as do the evernimicins. Avilamycin is primarily active against gram-positive bacteria. Th...

European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections

1. Monensin (CAS 17090-79-8, CAS 22373-78-0 for sodium salt) is a polyether antibiotic from the group of carboxylic ionophores produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. Monensin is used as the sodium salt. It is composed of the analogues A, B, C and D with monensin A being the major component (equivalent to 98%). The intended use as a veterinary medicinal product in lactating dairy cattle is as a...

European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections