Influence of Salinity on Copper Toxicity in Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula Embryos

The sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula have a key role in benthic dynamics they are often used to assess the toxicity of environmental contaminants. aim this research was investigate influence salinity on copper P. A. embryos, evaluating impact future ocean variations estimating an optimum range for embryos. For purpose, urchin embryos were exposed different concentrations under varying regimes, toxic effects with percentage abnormal Integrative Toxicity Index (ITI). Results revealed acceptable levels anomalies 33–36‰ 33–39‰ lividus. effect (EC50) reveals increasing at both species, but between (A. lixula) 36–39‰ (P. lividus) appear inversely related salinity. This study illustrates difficulty relating biological response bioavailability, because uptake sensitivity across salinities is influenced by differences osmoregulation, enhancing our knowledge about optimal ranges potential climate change embryo development.