Inequality in Vietnamese Urban-Rural Living Standards, 1993-2006

Inequality in Vietnamese Urban-Rural Living Standards, 1993-2006

Inequality in Vietnamese Urban-Rural Living Standards, 1993-2006 Using data from five waves of the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey, we find evidence of significant urban-rural expenditure inequality. Urban-rural inequality in Vietnam increased dramatically from 1993 to 1998, and peaked in 2002 before reducing slightly in 2004, and significantly in 2006. The urban-rural gap also monoton...

Urban-Rural Inequality in Living Standards in Africa

In this paper we examine the relative importance of rural versus urban areas in terms of monetary poverty and seven other related living standards indicators. We present the levels of urban-rural differences for several African countries for which we have data and find that living standards in rural areas lag far behind those in urban areas. Then we examine the relative and absolute rates of ch...

Urban-Rural Inequality in Africa

Rural–Urban Inequality in China

share of income inequality.1 In part, today’s rural–urban gap reflects the institutional legacies of socialism. Beginning in the 1950s, Communist Party leaders clearly separated urban and rural residents through a strictly enforced residential permit (hukou) system (see chapter 3), establishing urban and industrial development as the main objective of economic planning. Urban workers were provi...

Living Standards of Vietnamese Provinces: a Kohonen Map

The measurement of living standards is widely recognized to be a multivariate challenge. In this paper, problems with the use of typical univariate indicators are outlined, and a novel approach is suggested which relies on Kohonen maps. The stability and accuracy of the map are evaluated via a bootstrap methodology. This paper presents an application of the technique of Kohonen maps in the cont...