Induced Transient Immune Tolerance in Ticks and Vertebrate Host: A Keystone of Tick-Borne Diseases?

Ticks and tick transmitted infectious agents are increasing global public health threats due to abundance, expanding geographic ranges of vectors pathogens, emerging tick-borne agents. Greater understanding tick, host, pathogen interactions will contribute development novel control disease prevention strategies. Tick-borne pathogens adapt in multiple ways very different vertebrate host environments defenses. effectively pharmacomodulate by its saliva innate adaptive immune In this review, we examine the idea that successful synergy between results tolerance facilitates infection feeding, creates a favorable site for introduction, modulates cutaneous systemic defenses establish infection, contributes long-term infection. Tick, elements examined here include interaction immunity microbiome with pathogens; modulation prior transmission; how target lead modes status (reservoir, incompetent, resistant, clinically ill); bioactive molecules as important factors determining those which is competent vector; and, need translational studies advance field study. Gaps our these relationships identified, if successfully addressed, can strategies disrupt both feeding transmission.