Inclusion of frequency control constraints in energy system investment modeling

This study investigates how the inclusion of frequency control constraints in electricity system modeling impacts levels investment and dispatch generation storage technologies for futures that include high-level penetration variable renewable energy. is achieved using a linear cost-minimizing model historic load, wind solar conditions from Spain, Ireland, Sweden Hungary Year 2050. With an hourly time-resolution, are added so as to ensure that, within each hour, sufficient inertial power reserves available grid. Comparing results obtained with without these reveals main on battery investments operation. Furthermore, it found reserve requirements exert greater impact composition operation than do requirements.