In situ electron microscopy techniques for nanoparticle dispersion analysis of commercial sunscreen

نویسندگان

چکیده

Abstract Nanoparticles are common active ingredients within many commercial products including sunscreen. Consequently, accurate characterisation of nanoparticles in these is vital to enhance product design, whilst also understanding the toxicological implications nanoparticles. Whilst bulk techniques useful providing some information, they often cannot resolve individual particles, and therefore electron microscopy can be used for high-resolution nanoparticle characterisation. However, conventional high vacuum dry TEM does not accurately represent dispersions other situ methods must used. Here, we use a combination liquid cell transmission (LCTEM), cryogenic (cryo)-TEM cryo-scanning (SEM) characterise sunscreen containing titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) zinc oxide (ZnO) Our work illustrates that LCTEM require any sample preparation more beam artefacts occur causing ZnO dissolution with only TiO visualised. Comparatively, cryo-TEM allows both , yet cryo-SEM could analyse pure (without dilution) but biased larger fraction agglomerates. Ultimately, different EM an achieved order ensure effective safe design manufacture.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Nanoparticle Research

سال: 2023

ISSN: ['1572-896X', '1388-0764']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-023-05769-4