Impact of gastrointestinal tract variability on oral drug absorption and pharmacokinetics: An UNGAP review

The absorption of oral drugs is frequently plagued by significant variability with potentially serious therapeutic consequences. source can be traced back to interindividual in physiology, differences special populations (age- and disease-dependent), drug formulation properties, or food-drug interactions. Clinical evidence for the impact some these factors on pharmacokinetic mounting: e.g. gastric pH emptying time, small intestinal fluid pediatrics elderly, surgical changes gastrointestinal anatomy. However, link colonic (transit composition, microbiome), sex (male vs. female) gut-related diseases (chronic constipation, anorexia cachexia) has not been firmly established yet. At same a way decrease provided pharmaceutical industry: clinical suggests that approaches employed during development exposure. This review outlines main drivers exposure potential overcome them, while highlighting existing knowledge gaps guiding future studies this area.