Identification and Isolation Techniques for Plant Growth Inhibitors in Rice

Plant growth inhibitors (PGIs) in rice (Oryza sativa), or allelochemicals, are secondary metabolites that either exudated by plants to cope with natural competitors produced during the decomposition of by-products paddy fields. Of these, major groups PGIs include phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, and fatty acids, which also exhibit potential medicinal pharmaceutical properties. Recently, exploitation has attracted considerable attention from scientists worldwide. The biosynthesis, exudation, release dependent on environmental conditions, relevant gene expression, biodiversity among varieties. Along mechanism clarification, numerous analytical methods have been improved effectively support identification isolation last few decades. This paper provides an overview techniques used for determining extracting those compounds rice. In particular, features, advantages, limitations conventional upgraded extraction comprehensively reported discussed. gradually replaced advanced consisting pressurized liquid (PLE), microwave-assisted (MAE), solid-phase (SPE). Meanwhile, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), (LC), gas (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution (HR-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), near-infrared (NIRS), X-ray crystallography tools PGI confirmation. With smart agriculture becoming more prevalent, statistics will help provide useful datasets building autonomous model safer weed control. Conceivably, efficient not only increase yield economic value but may pave way research directions development sustainable farming methods.