Hypoxia and Cigarette Smoke - A Combined Threat to the Brain: Role of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Neuroinflammatory Changes

The mammalian brain is composed of 20% oxygen. depletion in the level oxygen may lead to hypoxia, resulting neurological changes. Recent findings Toll-like receptors (TLR) such as TLR-2, 3, 4 and 8 nervous system showedneuroinflammation brain. activation TLR4 by both exogenous endogenous ligands leads various inflammatory diseases likeatherosclerosis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis prostate cancer. This study confirms involvement NF-κB TLR4-axis-induced neuroinflammationin Cigarette Smoke contains many toxic chemicals carcinogenic compounds which areinjurious health, causing death worldwide. role activating Brain during exposure not yet understood. Hence this reviewed use cell culture vitro model well vivo mouse TLR4-/- exposed hypobaric hypoxia test hypothesis. Methodology: review explored articles fromthe past 15 years action toll-like receptor neuroinflammatory Those lacked full texts were excluded from review. A total 61 enrolled article. Results: recent TLR Neurons, showed external stimuli smoke disorders inflammation. acute chronic cigarette investigated also neuroimmune mechanisms are clearly Conclusion: Smoking-related requirea proper understanding damage for therapeutic development. research should be carried out pathways diseases.