Hybrid Energy-Harvesting Systems Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been utilized to harvest various forms of mechanical energy from the environment as a sustainable power supply. However, TENGs usually generate high output voltages but low currents, limiting their potential uses. Hybrid harvesters based on provide promising method effectively use environmental conditions for harvesting by combining two or more working mechanisms, generating currents all types available meet needs distributed units. Significant progress has made in improving performance TENG-based hybrid energy-harvesting systems via new concepts, designs, and integration methods. It is expected that will significant development with rapid advances materials science manufacturing technologies, critical challenges be addressed practical applications. Energy plays an important role developing power-independent electronics such wearables, implantable devices, monitoring networks, robotics. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), novel technology, attracted increasing attention across broad range applications self-powered sensing medical devices blue energy. comprehensive review associated system lacking. Here, we systematically summarize recent focus concept designs fields. major hybridization through unique combinations electromagnetic (NGs), piezoelectric NGs, solar cells, thermo-/pyroelectric NGs are discussed detail self-charging units, biomedical systems, wearable electronics, environment-monitoring facilities. We finally discuss perspectives future systems. Compatible portable sources essential driving variety smart internet-of-things (IoT) wearables,1Xu C. Yang Y. Gao W. Skin-interfaced sensors digital medicine: applications.Matter. 2020; 2: 1414-1445Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 2Liu J. Wang Zhang Z. Molina-Lopez F. G.-J.N. Schroeder B.C. Yan X. Zeng Zhao O. Tran H. et al.Fully stretchable active-matrix organic light-emitting electrochemical cell array.Nat. Commun. 11: 3362Crossref (2) 3Zhong Zhong Q. Hu Wu N. Li B. Zhou Stretchable fiber-based strain sensor.Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015; 25: 1798-1803Crossref (105) 4Li S. Cheng Cloth-based shirt clothes ornamentation.ACS Appl. Inter. 7: 14912-14916Crossref (0) Scholar implanted devices,5Won S.M. Song E. Reeder J.T. Rogers J.A. Emerging modalities technologies neuromodulation.Cell. 181: 115-135Abstract soft robotics,6Liu Geng D. Chen Tan Cao Soft humanoid hands large grasping force enabled flexible pneumatic actuators.Soft Robot. https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2020.0001Crossref Scholar,7Chen Pang Yuan Smart actuators grippers tribo-skins.Adv. Technol.Adv. Technol. 5: 1901075Crossref packages.8Chen Brahma Mackay Aliakbarian packaging food supply chain.J. Food Sci. 85: 517-525Crossref (7) Scholar,9Wang L. Technologies fabrication intelligent perishable products.Appl. 2019; 9: 4858Crossref (1) In this aspect, generators play key ambient energies vibration,10Beeby S.P. Torah R.N. Tudor M.J. Glynne-Jones P. O'Donnell T. Saha C.R. Roy A micro generator vibration harvesting.J. Micromech. Microeng. 2007; 17: 1257-1265Crossref (649) Scholar,11Chen Z.L. Reviving nanogenerator.Joule. 2017; 1: 480-521Abstract (267) human motion,12Wang Xie Niu Lin Freestanding triboelectric-layer-based moving object motion contact non-contact modes.Adv. 2014; 26: 2818-2824Crossref (119) wind,13Islam M.R. Mekhilef Saidur R. Progress trends wind technology.Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2013; 21: 456-468Crossref (188) water wave,14Babarit A. Hals Muliawan Kurniawan Moan Krokstad Numerical benchmarking study selection wave converters.Renew. 2012; 41: 44-63Crossref (382) 15Liu Xu Bu Liu G. Torus structured array harvesting.Nano Energy. 58: 499-507Crossref (20) 16Wang Jiang Toward dream networks.Nano 39: 9-23Crossref (333) solar,17Lee T.D. Ebong A.U. thin film challenges.Renew. 70: 1286-1297Crossref 18Wang Mujahid M. Duan Z.K. Xue perovskites stability.Adv. 29: 1808843Crossref (221) 19Xie Yin Zheng Fan Facile rbbr interface modification improves perovskite efficiency.Mater. Today Chem. 14: 100179Crossref (6) waste heat20Yang Guo Pradel K.C. Zhu Pyroelectric thermoelectric energy.Nano Lett. 12: 2833-2838Crossref (407) IoT and/or electricity scalable way.21Chu Cui path towards energy.Nat. 2016; 16: 16-22Crossref (1280) 22Wang Entropy theory internet things.Nano 669-672Crossref (75) 23Chen Scavenging nanogenerators.Adv. Engry 2018; 8: 1702649Google generated these can stored rechargeable batteries supercapacitors used operation when needed.24Wang technology - principles, problems perspectives.Faraday Discuss. 176: 447-458Crossref 25Hwang G.-T. Annapureddy V. Han J.H. Joe D.J. Baek Park D.Y. Kim D.H. Jeong C.K. K.-I. al.Self-powered wireless sensor node aerosol-deposited PZT harvester.Adv. 6: 1600237Google 26Pang Chu Snyder K. MacKenzie Additive batteries.Adv. 30: 1906244Crossref 27Cao Qu Recent low-dimensional nanomaterials.Small. e1803976Crossref (22) 28Zheng Matyjaszewski functional porous polymeric carbonaceous treatment storage.Adv. 1907006Crossref (17) 29Xiao Jin Ni Zhan al.Fiber-based all-solid-state systems.ACS Nano. 9200-9206Crossref (492) (TENGs), fundamentally invention conjugation effect electrostatic induction, extensively explored environment. attractive advantages cost, energy-conversion efficiency, ease fabrication, being lightweight environment-friendly.30Fan F.-R. Tian Z.-Q. Flexible generator.Nano 328-334Crossref (1928) 31Wang active sensors.Nano 436-462Crossref (346) 32Wang A.C. On origin contact-electrification.Mater. Today. 34-51Crossref (127) 33Wu Ding nanogenerator: foundation era.Adv. 1802906Google 34Zhang X.-S. Bao J.-F. Brugger All-in-one microsystems nanogenerators.Nano 47: 410-426Crossref (107) While voltage, current under normal excitations limits sustainability. To address issue, researchers efforts combine other mechanisms build multiple surrounding environment.35Yang cells simultaneously multi-types energies.Nano 245-256Crossref (80) 36Zhang Liang Yi Ma Liao Kang Green wearable/portable electronics.Nano 55: 151-163Crossref (42) 37Chen Ren Wan principle system.Nano 75: 104980Crossref 38Ryu Yoon H.J. S.W. harvesters: toward harvesting.Adv. 31: e1802898Crossref 39Wang Huang Sandwiched composite fluorocarbon electret generator.Adv. Electron. 1500408Crossref (25) 40Liu Y.-L. G.-K. Unidirectional-current periodical lateral-cantilevers.Nano 74: 104770Crossref 41Liu Lai Pu magnetically induced retractable spring steel tapes efficient amplitude motion.Nano Res. 633-641Crossref (15) fact, first was demonstrated Wang's group 2009 energy.42Xu Pan multi-type micro/nanosystems.Nano 259-272Crossref (71) 43Xu Compact convoluted nanowire structure energy.Adv. 2011; 23: 873-877Crossref 44Xu Nanowire concurrently scavenging energies.J. Am. Soc. 2009; 131: 5866-5872Crossref (145) This now expanded many different acquire any type anywhere at time. Since 2012, developed several reviews conducted stand-alone TENG45Fang Tong Qi Overview management Intell. Syst. 1900129Crossref 46Rodrigues Nunes Clemente Mathias Correia J.M. Rosa-Santos Taveira-Pinto Morais Pereira Ventura ocean harvesting: state art perspectives.Energy Environ. 13: 2657-2683Crossref 47Liu Shi Wearable 1808820Crossref (66) 48Xia Zi systems.EcoMat. https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12049Crossref specific TENGs,37Chen providing useful references principles interested researchers. there no advanced review, fields (Figure 1). paper organized follows. First, proposed presented, including combination (EMGs), generators, pyroelectric respectively. discussions mainly structural comparisons classical technologies. mechanism electrical characteristics compared Table 1. then summarized highlighted Finally, conclusion discussed.Table 1Comparison Major Energy-Harvesting TechnologiesEnergy-Harvesting TechnologyTENGEMGPENGSolar CellTEGPyNGWorking mechanismtriboelectrification inductionelectromagnetic inductionpiezoelectric effectphotovoltaic effectSeebeck effectpyroelectric effectOpen-circuit voltagehighlowmediumlowlowmediumShort-circuit currentlowhighlowhighmediumlowOutput powerlowhighlowhighmediumlowPower characteristicACACACDCDCACInternal impedanceM??k???k? Open table tab EMG main converting into electricity.49Saha O’Donnell McCloskey Electromagnetic motion.Sens. Actuator Phys. 2008; 147: 248-253Crossref Scholar,50Saha Donnell T.O. Loder Beeby Optimization device.IEEE Trans. Magnet. 2006; 42: 3509-3511Crossref (114) Faraday's law induction whereby electrodynamic produced relative between magnet coil 2A).51Zhang Tang Theoretical comparison, equivalent transformation, conjunction operations 3580-3591Crossref (256) conversion efficiency high-frequency ranges durability long-term operations. TENG coupling triboelectrification during periodic contact-separation sliding surfaces 2A). For rotating EMGs magnets coils wires, its peak value voltage expressed as: Em=n?B?S??, where B denotes magnetic flux density, n turns coils, S area coil, ? rotational angular velocity coil. disk-shaped TENG, absolute |I|=n?·?·S·?, number segments disk, ? charge density friction surface, disk (half whole circle), top metal. short-circuit depend four variables: intrinsic properties materials, device size, structure, input energy.51Zhang maximize powers, matching impedances needed 2B), indicating considered source internal resistance while mostly recognized resistance.51Zhang study, coworkers low-frequency motions. They found proportional square root frequency frequency.52Zi Wen Yeh M.H. Harvesting (<5 Hz) irregular energy: possible killer application nanogenerator.ACS 10: 4797-4805Crossref (38) Therefore, range, higher than 2C). light up diode (LED) easily frequencies, run much LED 2D). al. studied effects TENG53Zhao Zhen Fu Remarkable merits small-amplitude 61: 111-118Crossref (26) reported had larger maximum average using small less 2.5 mm 1 Hz 2E). Figure 2F summarizes amplitudes crossover points characteristic curves intersect one another, showing dominant scope over ranges. Considering possess opposite (TENG current), it interesting take advantage complementary increase harvesters. 2016, fully packed 3A),54Wang He Fully packaged harvester hybridizing rolling generator.ACS 11369-11376Crossref (88) which composed EMG. Thanks achieved design, exhibited excellent stability 3B). experimental results indicated better (<1.8 Hz). Thus, approach range. also example, rotation-based triboelectric-electromagnetic (NG) 3C).55Guo M.-H. water-proof harsh environments.Adv. 1501593Crossref (137) freestanding-triboelectric-layer mode isolated, noncontact transferred external TENG. Meanwhile, fabricated integrating metal stator. By transformers full-wave rectifiers, NG obtained 2.3 mA 5 V open-circuit speed 1,600 rpm. sliding-type energy, frictional layers rotation rotator thereby decreases collection solve problem, designed ultralow-friction consisting rotary-blade-based rotary 3D).56Wang Dai Zou Dong An ultra-low-friction sensor.ACS 9433-9440Crossref highly dielectric freestanding layer, significantly reduced (?0.03 N) so could actuated force. humidity temperature detecting speed. aforementioned power; however, limited complex structures volumes, not suitable powering electronics. EMG-TENG 3E, 6.7 cm × 4.5 2 size 42.3 g weight) airflow energy.57Wang Hybridized air-flow sustainably sensors.ACS 4553-4562Crossref Kapton sensor. Recently, NdFeB microparticles, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) 3F),58Wan Miao hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric 3d trajectory sensing.Nano 104878Crossref (5) attached cloth surface body Based EMG-TENG, they 3G), able detect height information three-dimensional (3D) space. Piezoelectricity another widely convert electricity, effect. typical (PENG) consists layers, electrode, bottom insulator material lead zirconate titanate (PZT),59Jeon Y.B. Sood J.h. S.G. MEMS transverse PZT.Sens. 2005; 122: BaTiO3,60Shi Sun Cellulose/batio3 aerogel electric triboelectricity.Nano 57: 450-458Crossref (49) ZnO,61Wang Piezoelectric zinc oxide arrays.Science. 312: 242-246Crossref (5302) poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) copolymers.62Shin K.-Y. Lee J.S. Jang Highly sensitive, pressure free-standing ZnO nanoneedle/PVDF heart rate monitoring.Nano 22: 95-104Crossref 63Parangusan Ponnamma Al-Maadeed M.A.A. electrospun PVDF-HFP/Co-ZnO nanofibers nanogenerators.Sci. Rep. 754Crossref (76) 64Ye Shao al.High-performance microstructured P(VDF-TrFE)/BNNTs radiation protection space.Nano 60: 701-714Crossref (29) When applied PENG, center cations anions relatively displaced, resulting difference ends drive electrons flow circuit 4A).65Sun acting vivo.Sci. Bull. 64: 1336-1347Crossref (32) Given few already published,66Kim H.S. J.-H. vibration.Int. Precis. Eng. 1129-1141Crossref 67Chang Dommer Chang applications.Nano 356-371Crossref (262) 68Dagdeviren Tuzman O.L. K.J. harvesting, actuation.Extreme Mech. 269-281Crossref (185) do related studies article. PENGs similar characteristics, resistances, ranges.69Chen Su wave-shaped P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers.Nanoscale. 1263-1270Crossref PENG enhance environment.74Li Saadatnia Naguib piezoelectric-triboelectric broad-bandwidth harvesting.Energy Convers. Manag. 174: 188-197Crossref 75Jung W.S. M.G. Moon H.G. S.H. S.J. C.Y. High piezo/triboelectric generator.Sci. 9309Crossref (126) 76He Qian Hou Mu Chou Piezoelectric-enhanced fabric biomechanical 103933Crossref wavy 4B)69Chen bas