How the European recovery program (ERP) drove France's petroleum dependency, 1948–1975

نویسندگان

چکیده

The article investigates the roles of European Recovery Program (ERP) and Organization for Economic Co-Operation (OEEC) in pushing France towards a pathway petroleum dependency. study is based on energy transition Deep Transition frameworks, notably analysis specific collective actors. elaborates impact OEEC Refinery Expansion had (a) quality quantity product supply France; (b) French position within global crude oil trade; (c) technological interrelatedness sector with agriculture, transport, mobility. We show how different measures were designed to integrate sociotechnical systems, accelerate transformation systems put objective Western Europe's “hidden integration” work. concludes that complementing studies historical socio-metabolic perspectives can shed light origins unsustainable pathways during 20th century.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Environmental innovation and societal transitions

سال: 2022

ISSN: ['2210-4232', '2210-4224']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2022.01.002