How Does Vegetation Landscape Structure of Urban Green Spaces Affect Cultural Ecosystem Services at Multiscale: Based on PLS-SEM Model

Benefits of cultural ecosystem services (CESs) urban green spaces (UGSs) for human health and general well-being have been widely recognized. Optimizing the landscape structure vegetation improving CES are essential to reduce environmental inequality, detecting determinant features that influence at multi-scale is first step. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), we evaluated multiscale effects UGS on residents’ perceptions in 40 residential communities Zhengzhou city, China. According our results, micro-scale level a single community, public activity within spaces, particularly large size open was most critical factor affecting recreational services, which provided multifunctional landscape, with opportunities multiple leisure activities entertainment. Then, percentage coverage patches can significantly improve were identified natural landscape. At species community level, although contributed little CES, an area grass cover beneficial increase aesthetic both richness flowers ornamental trees improved spiritual perception. However, findings suggest management space effective direct way resolving inequities between different infrastructure, future research should explore subjective larger spatial scale.