Holistic Strategies Lead to Enhanced Efficiency and Stability of Hybrid Chemical Vapor Deposition Based Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Abstract Hybrid chemical vapor deposition (HCVD) is a promising method for the up‐scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells/modules (PSCs/PSMs). However, efficiency HCVD‐based cells still lags behind solution‐processed PSCs/PSMs. In this work, oxygen loss electron transport layer SnO 2 in HCVD process and its negative impact on cell device performance are revealed. As counter‐measure, potassium sulfamate (H KNO 3 S) introduced as passivation to both mitigate issue passivate uncoordinated Pb 2+ film. parallel, N‐ methylpyrrolidone (NMP) used solvent dissolve PbI by forming intermediate phase •NMP, which can greatly lower energy barrier nucleation process. The seed employed further modulate kinetics crystal growth improve grain size. resultant yield champion power conversion (PCE) 21.98% (0.09 cm ) with stable output 21.15%, PCEs mini‐modules 16.16% (22.4 , 14.72%) 12.12% (91.8 ). Furthermore, unencapsulated small area shows an outstanding operational stability T 80 lifetime exceeding 4000 h.