Greenhouse Gas Emissions-Based Development and Characterization of Optimal Scenarios for Municipal Solid and Sewage Sludge Waste Management in Astana City

Landfilling is the most applied solid waste management method in developing countries, which leads to a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It thus imperative develop strategies for evaluating different economically viable scenarios mitigate GHG According Paris Agreement, Kazakhstan planned decrease emissions by 25% 2050 as compared 1990 levels, while reaching carbon neutrality 2060. In this context, we herein propose four municipal (MSW) treatment and three sewage sludge (SS) with aim potential Astana, capital city Kazakhstan, using (solid management) SWM-GHG calculator developed Institute Energy Environmental Research. The MSW include: (A) 15% recycling secondary materials 85% landfilling remaining MSW; (B) 30% materials; 70% sanitary biogas collection; (C) biological stabilization without (D) recycling, 20% composting, 50% (waste-to-energy) WtE incineration. include (1) 100% landfilling; (2) incineration; (3) co-incineration coal. results reveal that more complex lead extensive ecological benefits; however, there are economic constraints. Based on analysis proposed scenarios, recommend optimal strategy be has total cost EUR 16.7 million/year overall −120 kt CO2 eq/year. terms management, addition coal simplifies combustion process due higher heat capacity. Considering lower energy recovery, it recommended favorable process.