Global decline in subsistence-oriented and smallholder fire use

Controlled fire use for hunting, gathering, smallholder agriculture and pastoralism shapes ecologies enhances livelihoods worldwide. Yet, at global scale, we know little about how these practices influence human well-being, wildfire risk. As a basis syntheses, collated information from the literature in 587 case study locations spanning globe. Here, assess coverage completeness of data. Limited quantitative data, particularly, present challenge improved modelling anthropogenic influences on regimes. We also analyse trends studies, finding evidence that subsistence-oriented have declined recent decades, while market-oriented increased. Implications changes can include reduced biodiversity fire-dependent ecosystems, increased risk, household income loss cultural identity. The studies point to important drivers changing practices, especially economic pressures state governance. subsistence has undoubtedly shaped ecosystems but limited research extent. This analysis nearly 600 finds is ways could pose risks as well wildlife biodiversity.