Germination and Seedling Development Responses of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seeds to Temperature and Different Levels of Water Availability

Abiotic variables are crucial for seed germination and seedling development. In the present work, we attempted to determine optimal conditions (temperature, water, density, fungal growth) sunflower development (Helianthus annus L. Larissza). The of seeds was investigated under controlled at eight consistent temperatures: 5 °C, 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 °C. For water test, there were 12 levels based on one-milliliter intervals 18 thousand kernel weight (TKW). addition, four densities (6, 8, 10, 12) two antifungal application techniques (sterilization growing medium) examined. results showed that temperature has a significant effect germination, timing, Temperatures between degrees Celsius with being Beginning 0.6 mL, or 125% TKW, can germinate wide range availability. (8.2–11.4) is wider than dry matter accumulation, which 5.8–8.2 mL 1000–1625% TKW. finding density per 9 cm Petri dish demonstrates most exceptional values advantageous future research breeding projects, particularly when scarce. Seed priming more effective technique other techniques.