g-C3N4 for Photocatalytic Degradation of Parabens: Precursors Influence, the Radiation Source and Simultaneous Ozonation Evaluation

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a promising catalyst for contaminants of emerging concern removal applications, especially as visible-light-driven material. In this study, g-C3N4 catalysts were effectively synthesized through simple thermal polymerization method, using melamine, urea, and thiourea precursors to elucidate the influence these compounds on final product’s photocatalytic performance. The degradation mixture three parabens was investigated under different types radiation: two artificial, ultraviolet-A (UVA) visible LED, natural sunlight. urea-based (UCN) presented better results all radiation sources, followed by thiourea, finally, melamine. Among artificial light UVA considerably higher than visible—up 51% 21%, respectively—using UCN; however, broader spectrum sunlight able achieve highest removals, up 92%, UCN. Comparing lamps 45% lower energy consumption associated costs. Photocatalytic ozonation tested UCN MCN, with once more possessing superior performance synergetic effect between photocatalysis ozonation, complete 12 min. use then successfully in initial screening found be an efficient alternative low-cost feasible solar water treatment.