Freight train air brake models

This paper is an outcome of international collaborative research initiative. Researchers from 24 institutions across 12 countries were invited to discuss the state-of-the-art in railway train air brake modelling with emphasis on freight trains. Discussed models are classified as empirical, fluid dynamics and fluid-empirical models. Empirical widely used, advanced versions have been used for simulations. Fluid better study system behaviour but more complex slower computation. Fluid-empirical combine pipe empirical valve They a balance model fidelity computational speeds. Depending objectives, detailed rigging, friction blocks wheel-rail adhesion also available. To spark new ideas this field, challenges gaps discussed.