منابع مشابه
Defining fraudulent essential medicines
Many of the flows described in this study can affect grandscale geopolitical events. Cocaine trafficking has fed instability in Guinea-Bissau; firearms trafficking has fueled a rebellion in northern Mali; maritime piracy threatens to undermine commerce in the Gulf of Guinea. These flows demonstrate that transnational organized crime has truly risen to the level of a security threat in West Africa.
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I am using the same notations as in [3] and [2]. 2 Temporal gauge-various approaches Obviously the temporal gauge ¯ q i = a i = const or in QED: A 0 = a ∈ R (1) is not a canonical gauge as it does not fulfill eq. (1.59) of [7]. However, we do not need a canonical gauge in order to fix our gauge degrees of freedom. There exist various other gauges (e.g. derivative gauges, multiplier gauges etc.)...
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Money in the e-commerce network, represents information moving at the speed of light, where fraud (digital crime) within the banking and financial services happened very fast and can cost billions of dollars each year-undetected and unreported. In this paper I present a comprehensive framework that mines and detect fraudulent transactions of Card-NotPresent (CNP) in the e-payment systems with a...
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I analyze a costly voting model of elections, where the incumbent can stuff the ballot box, to investigate how electoral fraud affects voters’ participation decisions. I find that two stable equilibria may exist: full abstention equilibrium, where the incumbent wins with certainty and which exists only if the incumbent’s capability to stuff a ballot box is sufficiently strong; and a more effici...
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This paper is about a market for credence goods. With a credence good consumers are never sure about the extent of the good they actually need. Therefore, sellers act as experts determining the customers’ requirements. This information asymmetry between buyers and sellers obviously creates strong incentives for sellers to cheat on services. We analyze whether the market mechanism may induce non...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science
سال: 1963
ISSN: 0022-0205
DOI: 10.2307/1141170