Formation process of left-right difference using 3Hz phase locking.

Somite Formation: Where Left Meets Right

Somites are the bilaterally symmetric embryonic precursors of the vertebrate skeleton and axial muscle. Three recent studies reveal that somites form asymmetrically in the absence of retinoic acid signaling. These results uncover an unexpected relationship between somitogenesis and left-right patterning, and suggest that bilateral somite formation is regulated along the left-right axis.

Heart formation and left-right asymmetry in separated right and left embryos of a newt.

During vertebrate cardiac development, the heart tube formed by fusion of right and left presumptive cardiac mesoderms (PCMs) undergoes looping toward the right, resulting in an asymmetrical heart. Here, we examined the right and left PCMs with regard to heart-tube looping using right- and left-half newt embryos (Cynops pyrrhogaster ). In the half embryos, the rightward (normal) loop of the hea...

The Left-Right Coordinator: The Role of Vg1 in Organizing Left-Right Axis Formation

The asymmetries of internal organs are consistently oriented along the left-right axis in all vertebrates, and perturbations of left-right orientation lead to significant congenital disease. We propose a model in which a "left-right coordinator" interacts with the Spemann organizer to coordinate the evolutionarily conserved three-dimensional asymmetries in the embryo. The Vg1 cell-signaling pat...

KL-KS mass difference and supersymmetric left-right-symmetric theories.

Phase-locking within human mediotemporal lobe predicts memory formation

Lesion and imaging studies have demonstrated that encoding of declarative memories, i.e. consciously accessible events and facts, is supported by processes within the rhinal cortex and the hippocampus, two substructures of the mediotemporal lobe (MTL). Successful memory formation has, for instance, been shown to be accompanied by the rhinal N400 component, followed by a hippocampal positivity, ...