Floating solar: Beyond the state of the art technology

An enormous area could potentially be unlocked, when more photovoltaic (PV) systems would deployed on water bodies. Especially in densely populated areas this opens a pathway for PV to contribute the energy transition large scale. Another potential benefit of floating (FPV) is that they can outperform conventional terms yield due cooling effect from water. However, there very little field data available quantify and compare it across different climatic conditions. The research presented here has thoroughly studied translated into an estimated specific comparison between systems. study based tests are located two climate zones: temperate maritime (the Netherlands) tropical (Singapore). Irradiance weighted average temperatures FPV have been compared with land-based system Netherlands rooftop Singapore as references. best performing showed 3.2 °C (Netherlands) 14.5 (Singapore) lower their benchmarks. Open designs, where panels widely exposed surface, lead increase heat loss coefficient (a measure effect) up 22 W/m2K reference Annual yields were by measured irradiance-weighted temperature difference PVsyst model inputs coefficients. Based these calculations, we observe gain 3% 6% Singapore.