Farmers’ perceptions and role of institutional arrangements in climate change adaptation: Insights from rainfed Pakistan

Rainfed farmers are among the most vulnerable farming communities to climate change in Pakistan because of heavy reliance crop on rain and farmers’ livelihoods farming. The best timely responses against suitable adaptation measures. Accurately perceiving risks associated with is an essential factor for planning then implementing adaptations. Using farm household-level data 400 rainfed collected through a well-designed field-tested questionnaire, this study examines association between various stages (climate risk perceptions, planning, implementation adaptation) their determinants using multivariate probit (MVP) model. findings indicate that perceptions climatic changes line historical data. Climate management (CRM) trainings digital agriculture extension communication (DAEC) services (indicators formal institutional arrangements) show highly significant impact all stages. Input market distance, farmer cooperative meetings (an indicator informal arrangement), off-farm income, education, number male family members other key determinants. A indicates accurate lead When underestimated or lacking, adaptations do not occur. results further availability reliable information advanced agricultural inputs, weather parameters, advisory services, could help devise sound minimize change. recommends provision CRM DAEC provide better understanding promote adaptive capacity enhancement sustainable production livelihood security.