Fabrication and Experimental Evaluation of Simple Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms with Realistic Electrical Properties for Impedance-Based Sensing

Venipuncture is one of the most often performed invasive clinical procedure. Nevertheless, complications still occur. One opportunity to counteract these indicate insertion by electrical impedance measurement, which bases on various properties different tissues. This paper presents evaluation and reproducible fabrication simple tissue-mimicking phantoms for investigation sensing techniques. Three phantoms, representing blood, fat, skin, were made water-based recipes, including agar gelatin as gelling agents. For an electrode probe, hypodermic needles, was fabricated characterized using six sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions defined concentrations. characterization conductances measured over a frequency range from 20 Hz up 1 MHz self-fabricated electrodes. The calculated conductivities showed sufficient agreement with corresponding literature data native tissue. Tests layered tissue structure proved usability impedance-based venous entry tests. However, method proposed not suitable relative permittivity, would be required full characterization.