Extension and management pathways for enhanced farm sustainability: evidence from Irish dairy farms

Abstract This article examines pathways among farmers’ extension participation, the uptake of recommended farm management practices and economic environmental sustainability. We explore ‘win-win’, efficiency-based focus Irish hybrid programme using an unbalanced panel dataset dairy farms from 2010 to 2019. apply two-way fixed effects regression models sensitivity analyses ensure robustness our results effect heterogeneity omitted variable bias. Our findings reveal that participation has a limited association with adoption practices. These might be associated benefits, while their are not evident. Additionally, is found have direct sustainability outcomes. important implications for programmes on