Estimation of daily global solar radiation based on different whitening applications using temperature in Mediterranean type greenhouses

The study aimed to estimate the daily global solar radiation (Rs) in Mediterranean-type greenhouses. Five different temperature-based Rs estimation models developed for open-field conditions were calibrated and validated greenhouses Almeria, Spain Antalya, Türkiye, between August 26, 2013, January 1, 2023, October 2018, 1 respectively. Whitening applications categorized according greenhouse light transmissivity classified as follows: without whitening or light-whitening, medium-whitening, severe-whitening. Additionally, best-performing model compared with plastic method. performance of was evaluated using statistical indicators p-value slope, determination coefficient (R2), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), root mean square error (RMSE), absolute (MAE), relative (RE), Willmott Index (d). Compared other models, Bristow Campbell showed a slightly higher all applications. Although method performed better than model, there no difference performances models. Temperature-based offer highly viable alternative individuals who rely on transmittance approach This can prove particularly useful areas where measuring outside is not possible partial time measurements cannot be taken owing equipment malfunctions. All used temperature data from various Mediterranean countries similar climates cultivation.