Established non-indigenous species increased by 40% in 11 years in the Mediterranean Sea

Using a 2010 review of non-indigenous species (NIS) reported in the Mediterranean Sea as baseline, this study undertakes paramount revision list region up to December 2021, re-evaluating established, casual and failed introduction events over 1366 taxa. In light new data expert judgement, 14 have been removed from “established list” inventory. The total number validated NIS is close 1000—751 established taxa 242 taxa—while 23 are considered introduction. rest tagged cryptogenic (58 taxa), questionable (70 taxa) or excluded (223 taxa). Mollusca highest diversity among (230 followed by Pisces Crustacea with 173 170 respectively. changes establishment status reveal an accelerated rate (13%) between January 2020 2021 (>6% yearly), compared 27% period 2011–2021 (<3% yearly). This increased success more pronounced (47%) (43%) than Polychaeta (27%) phytobenthos (30%). 2011–2021, 42% newly were (149 out 352). On shorter timescale, 79 2020–2021, 17 (21.5%) already figure well above 10% prediction invasion theory on for marine NIS.