Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

Abstract Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for waste to promote recycling, has identified also aid ARG reduction. However, the effect composting removing ARGs from recently become controversial. Thus, this article summarizes reviews research on relation past 5 years. could spread different environmental media, including soil atmosphere, widen risks. conventional technology had limited removal waste. Improved processes, hyperthermophilic temperature effectively remove ARGs, HGT microbial communities are vital influencing factors. Currently, during process, were mainly affected by three response pathways, (I) “Microenvironment-ARGs”; (II) “Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”; (III) “Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”, respectively. Response pathway II studied most was believed that community important factor affecting ARGs. In III, MGEs played role paid less attention eARGs. Further impact eARGs may be considered future. It aims provide support further risk control