Effects of the Marine Biotoxins Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins on Fish

Natural high proliferations of toxin-producing microorganisms in marine and freshwater environments result dreadful consequences at the socioeconomically environmental level due to water seafood contamination. Monitoring programs scientific evidence point harmful algal blooms (HABs) increasing frequency intensity as a global climate alterations. Among toxins, okadaic acid (OA) related dinophysistoxins (DTX) are most frequently reported EU waters, mainly shellfish species. These toxins responsible for human syndrome diarrhetic poisoning (DSP). Fish, like other species, also exposed HABs their toxins. However, reduced attention has been given exposure, accumulation, effects on fish DSP such OA. The present review intends summarize current knowledge impact identify main issues needing further research. From data reviewed this work, it is clear that exposure causes range negative effects, from behavioral morphological alterations death. there still much be investigated about ecological food safety risks contamination with