Effects of Monopile Installation on Subsequent Lateral Response in Sand. I: Pile Installation

Monopiles are widely used as the foundation to support offshore wind turbines (OWTs). The response of monopile-supported OWTs is strongly affected by natural frequency system relative load spectrum, and in turn, governed initial stiffness foundation. Both fatigue limit state (FLS) serviceability (SLS) design also influenced stiffness. during operational loading a function soil postinstallation, which installation effect. This first part pair companion papers that investigates effect different methods on subsequent monopiles under lateral through extensive numerical analyse. present paper focuses quantification pile sand for three densities. model validated against purpose-designed centrifuge tests. Subsequent analyses demonstrate how state, including void ratio stresses, altered from in-situ conditions markedly depending whether jacked or impact driven. results presented here highlight need account effects process response.