Effect of Row Spacing on Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Growth, Yield, and Grain Quality under a Mediterranean Climate

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd., Amaranthaceae) is an environmental stress-resilient crop of increasing global importance. Sowing density a critical factor in the cultivation protocol. We evaluated row-spacing effect on growth, yield, and grain quality under Mediterranean conditions. hypothesized that lower row spacing would reduce stem diameter increase yield but may quality. Two accessions were sown northern Israel with 16, 26, or 80 cm between rows during two consecutive years, November January each year. Plant at harvest ranged from 22 to 260 plants m−2. height 77 126 6.3 10.5 cm, respectively. Hay, grain, straw 2259 17,979, 1604 4266, 1212 3660 kg DM ha−1, Grain protein content (PC) 5.2 14.2 thousand weight (TGW) 2033 3446 mg. density, hay, negatively correlated spacing. Stem was positively spacing, while there no correlations this parameter plant height, PC, TGW. Results indicated 16 be optimal, as produced greatest yields However, it result lodging, 26 should also considered. The effects additional management-related parameters production examined.