Economic Backwardness and Social Tension*

Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective

We construct a simple model where political elites may block technological and institutional development, because of a “political replacement effect.” Innovations often erode elites’ incumbency advantage, increasing the likelihood that they will be replaced. Fearing replacement, political elites are unwilling to initiate change and may even block economic development. We show that the relations...

Economic Backwardness and Catching Up: Brazilian Agriculture, 1964–2014

Backwardness in Speech Development

Apart from the standard exercises used for teaching deaf children tongue and lip movement, all the exercises were specially devised by the teacher for these particular children. They had to be short, for mentally defective children have little power of concentration and the deafness handicap made them tire easily. Each exercise had to involve some definite achievement which the children could t...

Backwardness in Reading. Remedies and Prevention

John Duncan, O.B.E.. Harrap 6? Co. Ltd. 6/' The fact that one third of the pupils who leave Secondary Modern and All Age Schools are backward in reading is an alarming one. In his short book, "Backwardness in Reading", John Duncan acknowledges that he has little that is new to tell us of the backward reader, his problems, prevention and cure. Nevertheless, one finds marshalled in this book, mos...

Chapter ? The use of coercion in society : insecure property rights , con ict and economic backwardness

This article o¤ers an equilibrium analysis of the in‡uence of insecure property rights on macroeconomic outcomes. The purpose of the analysis is to show how principles of economics without the ideal of the rule of law can deepen our understanding of economic backwardness and development.