Dynamic optimal power flow for multi‐operator renewable energy‐based virtual power plants

Abstract Recently, infiltration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is augmented considerably to upsurge network flexibility, better economic indicator, and reduced power loss. But integration different DERs may cause challenges in grid. To overwhelmed these obtain maximum advantage DERs, virtual plant's concept has been emerged. Virtual plants (VPPs) the capacity partake electricity market rivalry VPPs achieve more profit, deregulated multi‐operator markets are developed. This paper suggests dynamic optimum flow (DOPF) for considering demand side management (DSM) uncertainty renewable sources. with proprietorships interconnected each other by tie lines. Each VPP small hydro (SHPPs), solar PV (SPVPs), wind turbine generators (WTGs), bioenergy plant (BPPs), plug‐in electric vehicles (PEVs). 1 comprises IEEE 33‐bus system, 2 15‐bus 3 69‐bus system. Bottlenose dolphin optimizer (BDO), HPSO‐TVAC, GWO have applied solve DOPF problem maximize net profit VPPs.