Do Livelihood Capitals Improve Food Security among Smallholder Farmers? Evidence from Horticulture Farmers in East Java, Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact livelihood capitals on smallholder farmers’ food security. This employed cross-sectional data from 300 farmers in Malang Regency East Java, Indonesia. household expenditure and consumption score (FCS) were applied security status. Furthermore, analyzed using multiple linear regression estimate effect expenditure, an ordered probit model was used FCS. average farmers' about 68.124 USD per month; FCS status, 12.33% respondents categorized as poor with less than 21.5, 67.00% borderline 21.5 35, 20.67% acceptable more 35. result indicated that social capital (farming group, relations, activity, market information) most essential variable affecting measured by well FCS, followed human (education, experience, family labor), financial (access credit), physical (agricultural storage distance). These findings suggest there a need improve access, abilities, agricultural infrastructure enhance their