DNA polymerases in adaptive immunity

DNA polymerases in biotechnology

Accurate duplication of parental DNA is a fundamental biological process, conserved in function across all life forms. All organisms depend on DNA polymerases for genome replication and maintenance. DNA polymerases also play central roles in modern molecular biology and biotechnology, enabling techniques including DNA cloning, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, single nucleoti...

Fidelity of DNA polymerases in DNA amplification.

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to separate and isolate the products of DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The strategy permitted direct enumeration and identification of point mutations created by T4, modified T7, Klenow fragment of polymerase I, and Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerases. Incorrectly synthesized sequences were separated from the wil...

Role of Accessory DNA Polymerases in DNA

DNA polymerases in lymphoid cells.

Three major DNA polymerases have been identified in soluble extracts from eukaryotic cells (1). One is a high molecular weight enzyme (about 150,000 daltons), found predominantly in cytoplasmic fractions, which we refer to as DNA polymerase C (1-4). The second is a lower molecular weight form (about 40,000 daltons), which is recovered primarily from nuclei (but also present in cytoplasm), which...

Engineered DNA polymerases in biotechnology.

DNA polymerases are the enzymes that catalyse all DNA synthesis in Nature often with astounding speed and accuracy. Consequently, their features as molecular machines are exploited in a wide range of biotechnological applications. Some features are highlighted in the following. For example, DNA polymerases are useful enzymes to detect genomic alterations that can lead to the development of cert...