DNA fingerprinting, fixation-index (Fst), and admixture mapping of selected Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) accessions using ISSR markers system

Abstract As a new crop in Malaysia, forty-four Bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea L. verdc.) genotypes were sampled from eleven distinct populations of different origins to explore the genetic structure, inconsistency, and fixation index. The groundnut, an African underutilized legume, has capacity boost food nutrition security while simultaneously addressing environmental sustainability, availability, economic inequalities. A set 32 ISSRs screened out 96 primers based on very sharp, clear, reproducible bands which detected total 510 loci with average 97.64% polymorphism. calculated value PIC = 0.243, RP 5.30, H 0.285, MI 0.675 representing efficiency primer for differentiation among genotypes. ISSR revealed number alleles Na 1.97), effective Ne 1.38), Nei's diversity h 0.248), moderate level gene flow Nm 2.26) across studied. estimated Shannon’s information index I 0.395) indicates high variation exists accessions. Based Nei’s dissimilarity UPMGA phylogenetic tree was constructed grouped entire into 3 major clusters 6 subclusters. PCA analysis that first principal component extracted maximum (PC1 13.92%) than second (PC2 12.59%). Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE assembled (best ?K 3) groups. fixation-index (F st ) narrated great 0.19 0.40) within accessions these clusters. This investigation specifies effectiveness system molecular portrayal V. could be used valuation, detection, tagging potential quick, precise, authentic measures this improvement through breeding schemes.