Dityrosine Formation Outcompetes Tyrosine Nitration at Low Steady-state Concentrations of Peroxynitrite

Fundamentals on the biochemistry of peroxynitrite and protein tyrosine nitration

In this review we provide an analysis of the biochemistry of peroxynitrite and tyrosine nitration. Peroxynitrite is the product of the diffusion-controlled reaction between superoxide (O2•-) and nitric oxide (•NO). This process is in competition with the enzymatic dismutation of O2•- and the diffusion of •NO across cells and tissues and its reaction with molecular targets (e.g. guanylate cyclas...

Peroxynitrite-mediated modification of proteins at physiological carbon dioxide concentration: pH dependence of carbonyl formation, tyrosine nitration, and methionine oxidation.

The ability of peroxynitrite to modify amino acid residues in glutamine synthetase (GS) and BSA is greatly influenced by pH and CO2. At physiological concentrations of CO2 (1.3 mM), the generation of carbonyl groups (0.2-0.4 equivalents/subunit) is little affected by pH over the range of 7.2-9.0, but, in the absence of CO2, carbonyl formation increases (from 0.1- 1.2 equivalents/subunit) as the...

Peroxynitrite inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase: mediation by sulfhydryl oxidation, not tyrosine nitration.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of dopamine (DA). TH activity is significantly diminished in Parkinson's disease (PD) and by the neurotoxic amphetamines, thereby accentuating the reductions in DA associated with these conditions. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have been implicated in the damage to DA neurons seen in PD and in reaction ...

Steady State Self-Diffusion at Low Density

We prove that the motion of a test particle in a hard sphere fluid in thermal equilibrium converges, in the Boltzmann-Grad limit, to the stochastic process governed by the linear Boltzmann equation. The convergence is in the sense of weak convergence of the path measures. We use this result to study the steady state of a binary mixture of hard spheres of different colors (but equal masses and d...

Peroxynitrite Nitration and Inactivation of IDO by