Differential influence of temperature on the toxicity of three insecticides against the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) and two natural enemies

Insecticide toxicity may strongly vary with temperature, and interspecific differences have been commonly reported for this relationship. A differential influence of temperature on insecticide between pests their natural enemies important consequences biological control in a global warming context. This study aimed to investigate cross effects three insecticides—i.e., chlorantraniliprole, emamectin spinosad—on the mortality major pest orchards, Cydia pomonella L., two its southern France, predatory earwig Forficula auricularia L. introduced parasitoid Mastrus ridens Horstmann. We observed decreased efficiency spinosad increasing codling moth, while no chlorantraniliprole efficacy was observed. Increasing temperatures increased against M. only F. auricularia. provides essential insight make recommendations using these insecticides combination moth prevision warming. Our results suggest that use become sub-optimal under higher temperatures. In contrast, should be suitable warmer climatic conditions C. less detrimental ridens. To conserve strategies relying auricularia, alternating during early spring, when is lowest enemy, summer could limit resistance risks populations reduce insecticides’ impact enemies.